Types of water supply systems by source
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Water supply systems are classified according to source types. One of the types of water supply systems is a pressure system. It is based on the use of pumping equipment to create water pressure and ensure its supply to consumers....
Another type of water supply system is the gravity system. In a gravity system, water flows to consumers naturally, without the use of pumps or other sources of pressure. This system relies on the hydraulic properties of the original water source, such as gravity pressure or natural flows.
In addition to pressure and gravity water supply systems, there are other types of systems. One of these types is a combined water supply system. This system combines elements and principles from gravity and pressure systems. In addition, there is also a "capturing water from other systems" system. In this case, the source of water for the system is another, usually larger, water supply system, such as a city water supply network or a city water canal.
Water System Infrastructur
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This indicator provides information on the condition and availability of various components of the water supply infrastructure in rural areas. This index assesses, helps assess the current state of the water supply infrastructure, identify problem areas and identify the need for investment and improvement to provide the population with quality and affordable water services....
This index is a summary one and evaluates the infrastructure by 4 components:
- Water supply autonomy level
- State of production infrastructure
- The level of sanitary protection of the water intake area
- Water treatment level
The assessment of the infrastructure of the water supply system in terms of its functionality and the need for investments is divided into the following levels:
Excellent: At this level, the infrastructure of the water supply system is fully functional and provides a high level of service to the population.
Satisfactory level: At this level, the infrastructure of the water supply system is generally functional, but there may be some problems or shortcomings. A small amount of money and effort may be required to fix problems and improve the efficiency of the system. The problem is solved at the local level.
Low level: At this level, the water supply infrastructure is experiencing serious problems and limitations that significantly affect its functionality and ability to serve the population. Significant investments are required to repair, upgrade and upgrade the system.
Critical level: At this level, the infrastructure of the water supply system is in critical condition and is not able to provide sufficient water supply to the population. Serious investment and intervention is required to fully restore and update the system.
Note
Disinfection of water in the water supply system is carried out to ensure the safety and quality of drinking water, as well as to prevent the spread of infections and diseases associated with the use of contaminated water....
The main disinfection methods used in water supply systems in Kyrgyzstan are as follows:
Chlorination: Chlorination is one of the most common water disinfection methods. Chlorine is added to water as chlorine gas, chlorine solution, or solid chlorine. Chlorine disinfects water by destroying micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
Ultraviolet (UV) Treatment: Ultraviolet treatment is based on the use of UV lamps (germicidal lamps) that emit ultraviolet radiation. UV radiation destroys the genetic material of microorganisms, preventing their reproduction and providing water disinfection.
Note
An important role in ensuring continuous access to water and compensating for possible interruptions or failures in the supply is played by the presence of water towers and reservoirs. This is the autonomy of water supply in the water supply system, which is the number of hours of autonomous operation of the water supply system....
According to the WHO, 50-100 liters of water per person per day is needed to meet most basic needs, and there are fewer health problems. Water towers and tanks are important elements of the infrastructure of the water supply system and perform the following functions:
Water Collection and Storage: Water storage allows for a reserve to be used during times of high demand or in the event of an accident or outage.
Pressure regulation: Water towers and tanks help to regulate the pressure in the water supply system. They are located at a sufficient height to create hydrostatic pressure, which allows water to be supplied to the network with sufficient force to ensure an even and efficient distribution of water to all points of consumption.
Interruption Compensation: In the event of interruptions or interruptions in the water supply, water towers and reservoirs can provide temporary coverage of water demand. Thanks to the accumulated water, they are able to ensure the duration of the water supply even when supplies are cut off or in the event of accidents.
Water is supplied to the network even when pumping stations are turned off, which saves electricity costs. This ensures uninterrupted water supply to the network.
This is especially important for public health, as access to safe drinking water is essential for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, maintaining hygiene and hydration levels. Lack of access to an adequate water supply can lead to diseases associated with unsafe water consumption or poor hygiene.
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The state of the industrial infrastructure of the water supply system assesses the physical condition of all elements of the system and affects the efficiency and reliability of drinking water supply. It reflects the current state and readiness of the system for the production, treatment and distribution of water....
Aspects of the state of the production infrastructure include:
Condition and efficiency of water intake facilities: This includes the condition and performance of wells, water sources or reservoirs from which potable water is captured.
Water treatment equipment: To ensure the safety of drinking water, various treatment methods may be required, the condition and effectiveness of the equipment of which affect the quality of the treated water and the ability of the system to treat and purify the water.
Condition and efficiency of the distribution system: This refers to the network of pipelines and facilities that ensure the transfer of drinking water from the source to the final consumers. Pipeline conditions, leaks, pressure problems, and other factors can affect the efficiency of water distribution and result in water loss.
Condition of water storage tanks: It is important to have back-up and emergency arrangements in place to ensure the continuity of drinking water supply.
The state of the production infrastructure of the water supply system is assessed by 4 levels:
Excellent condition: The production infrastructure is in excellent condition, all components and equipment are functioning without failures or malfunctions. Regular maintenance and upgrades are carried out on time to maintain high system performance and efficiency.
Fair Condition: The production infrastructure is mostly working fine, but there may be some minor glitches or issues that do not significantly impact the overall system performance. Some action is required to repair or replace some components.
Poor condition: The industrial infrastructure is experiencing significant problems and failures that reduce the performance of the water supply system. Equipment requires regular repair or replacement, and major refurbishment or upgrades may be necessary to correct problems.
Critical Condition: The production infrastructure is in critical condition, with major breakdowns and failures that severely limit the system's ability to provide adequate water supply. Immediate action is required to restore system functionality.
Assessment of the state of the production infrastructure of the water supply system at these levels allows you to determine the necessary measures for the maintenance, repair and modernization of the system.
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Sanitary protection of the water intake site helps to ensure the safety of drinking water and prevent risks to human health associated with water contamination....
The protection of the water intake area is assessed according to 4 criteria:
A high level of sanitary protection means that the water intake is provided with reliable protection, the territory is not subject to pollution and there are no potential risks. All three criteria for environmental protection, such as the fenced off water intake area, the presence of vegetation and forest plantations, and the absence of signs of soil erosion, are respected and maintained.
An extended level of sanitary protection means that the water intake is well protected and the area is not exposed to contamination or risk. Of the three desired criteria for environmental protection of sources (fencing of the water intake area, the presence of vegetation and forest plantations, the absence of signs of soil erosion), two are met.
The basic level of sanitary protection means that the water intake is protected and the area is not exposed to contamination or risk. However, of the three desired criteria for environmental protection of sources (fencing of the water intake area, the presence of vegetation and forest plantations, the absence of signs of soil erosion), only one is observed.
A low level of sanitary protection means that the water intake area is prone to pollution or there is a risk of pollution, and its proper protection is insufficiently provided.
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The level of water treatment reflects the degree to which water has been treated to remove contaminants and make it safe for drinking and use....
Water treatment is the process of treating and preparing water for drinking or domestic use. It includes various methods and processes such as filtration, disinfection, sedimentation, reverse osmosis and others that help improve water quality, remove contaminants and make it safe to use. In water supply systems, various types of water treatment or water purification are used, depending on their quality and requirements for drinking water standards. Some of the main types of water treatment include:
- Filtration: The process of removing suspended particles, sand, dirt and other solid contaminants using filters of varying degrees of purification. Filter types can range from sand filters to membrane filters.
- Settling: The process by which water is left still in tanks or containers in order for solids and sediment to settle to the bottom. This allows the sediment to be removed before further processing and water distribution.
- Decontamination: The process of killing or inactivating microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites to ensure the safety of drinking water. Commonly used decontamination methods include chlorination, ultraviolet treatment, and ozonation.
These are just some of the main water treatment methods, and a combination of different methods can be used in water supply systems.
Water Systems
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